Effects Of The Basutu War Of Guns 

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Effects Of The Basutu War Of Guns 

  • Effects Of The Basutu War Of Guns . The Africans won the war and the cape colony lost the war
  • Many cape troops were killed that is why they requested for a peace treaty in April 1881
  • The basuto were to retain registered and licensed guns
  • The British failed to enforce the Africans to hand in the guns
  • It led the basuto land to receive British protectorate in 1884
  • It increased African nationalism to fight for more wars
  • It made the cape government to request for British invasion in Basuto land
  • Many agricultural plantations were put don/ destroyed during fighting
  • Famine grew up
  • The British suffered great humiliation
  • It led Lesotho to be left out in the federation of south Africa
  • The basutu were isolated in less mineralized palce and as a result many people started seeking for jobs in other parts
  • It led the British intervention in cape affairs because the cape had run bankrupt during fighting s

The Swazi Nation (Present Day Swaziland)

  • The swazi were Bantu speaking people found in north of Natal province 
  • They formed the nation during and because of Mfecane
  • The Ngwane belonged to Nkosi Dlamini clan of the Nguni speaking people
  • Sobhuza founded the Swaziland
  • He led his group of people northwards in the present day swaziland
  • He moved because Zwide had defeated him
  • During his movement he crossed river Pongola and annexed Nguni and Sotho
  • Later more eight clans joined him when they were running away from Shaka’s indunas/ policy
  • He welcomed them and gave them food and land
  • He assimilated them into his people and ensured that his old chiefs supervised them 
  • He treated all soldiers fairly
  • He organized all men into age regiments 
  • Such organization enabled him to conquer all disorganized clans and people of Zwide and Shaka
  • The mountaneous areas were he settled gave  him safety against his enemies
  • At the beginning of the 19th century he avoided wars with his neigbours 
  • He created friendship which neighbours like Shaka through giving him cows
  • To strengthen ties which his neighbours he married Zwide’s daughter 
  • By the end of the 19th century swazi had grown bigger and stronger
Political, social and economic organisation of the Swazi nation.
  • It was a centralized nation under leaders like Sobhuza I, Mswati etc
  • Leaders were despotic over their people
  • The nation was divided into a number of Chieftainships [provinces]
  • The chief kept peace with three neighbors especially which Zwide and Shake
  • They gave their neighbors gifts in form of cows and guns to maintain proper leaderships
  • The leadership of Swazi was hereditary eg after the death of Sobhuza his son Mswati took over power
  • All chiefs were answerable to the top most leaders eg. the king
  • The nation had two councils that were to assist the king in administration ie the council of elders and the larger assembly
  • The council of elders discussed national matters • While the council of larger assembly was made up of all adult men and was to check on king’s arrogance and chiefs
  • The society was also under age regiments for easy protection of Swazi
  • The queen mother was also given position and highly respected
  • She had influenced over  the king and the kingdom
  • The king had a palace in each of the towns in the kingdom
  • The kingdom recruited young men for loyal regiments but it was not permanent
  • It could just be called in ease of a trouble
  • The king married from different sections of the kingdom to ensure alliance
  • Young people catered for king’s cow in days of peace
  • The king pleased commoners by appointing them as commanders of age regiments
  • The swazi practiced rituals [initiation ceremonies]
  • They also believed so much in africanreligion foreexample mwari as their God approachied through their ancestors
  • The swazi were farmers who grew crops like pumpkins, yams, cassava, and beans
  • They were pastoralists that are why Dingane raided them so much
  • In hours of peace , they practiced trade with their neigbours especially whites
  • They practiced iron smelting which they copied from Sotho and made equipments like hoes, knives etc
  • The king people progress controlled all economic activities
  • They raided their friends for example Soshangani for activities
  • Polygamous marriages were practiced.

The career and achievements of sobhuza i (1814– 1840).

  • Sobhuza is regarded as the founder of Swazi nation
  • He belonged to the royal Ngwane ethinic group
  • He migrated and settled in the present day Swaziland because of Zwide’s policies
  • More clans joined him and he accepted them
  • Like Mosheshe he established Swazi nation as a defensive state on the mountains of Swaziland 
  • He accepted refugees and gave them land, caves, food among others 
  • He accepted loose political control in his nation were different groups were allowed to own their chiefs
  • He lived in peace with other powerful neighbors eg he married Zwide’s daughter in order to have a relationship
  • He gave out young princesses to shake in order to maintain peace since they were gifts for him
  • Shaka murdered them when they became pregnant to avoid succession wars
  • Sobhuza maintained a period of peace and prosperity because didn’t even revenge tosuch bad acts above
  • Sobhuza received more attacks from Dingane compared to those received from Shaka 
  • Sobhuza had maintained peace until the battle of Blood River when he fought Dingane and the later was forced out of Swaziland and killed by Ngwane in 1839
  • Sobhuza I also in 1840 died and in the same year his son Mswati took over the leadership.

Qn Explain the career and achievements of Mswati I between 1840-1868.

  • Mswatti was a  son of Shobhuza he ruled swazi nation for 28 years and his period was of a blessing and don’t
  • Mswati had foreign policies that are more aggressive
  • The Swazi received more strength and dev’t during his reign than his father
  • He had successful aggressive foreign policy
  • He had gained control over his neighbor either through collaboration or military adventures
  • He controlled the Boers and collaborated with them through giving them land that belonged to the Basuto people
  • He called the Boers to give him assistance against the strongest neighbors and travelers
  • Between 1840-1850 different clans in Swaziland developed into small kingdoms with clear national elements and accepted them 
  • He copied unique policies and ideas from the Sotho and Zulu
  • In 1862 he drew boundaries to separate Swazi kingdom and Shagane kingdom of Moazambique
  • He went ahead with his father’s programs of national building based on diplomacy
  • By 1868 the Swazi nation had grown bigger requested and recognized as the strong defensive state of southern African Bantu However in the same year he died
  • Wars of succession were fought where the Boers were even involved
  • They ended when Mbandzenio was the leader after being supported by the Boers
  • He controlled the Swazi nation from 1868 until he died 
  • Now the Swazi queen regent seriously requested for British protection and became under Europeans control 

Swaziland relationship with Europeans (relationship between Mswatti and Europeans)

  • Mswatti was one of the influential leaders of Swaziland 
  • He is known as one of the people who gave the kingdom a name [to be known so much]
  • He succeeded his father in 1840 and ruled until 1868
  • He was a son of Sobhuza and Zwide’s daughter 
  • He transferred Swazi state into a powerful one through introducing political and administrative reforms 
  • It was during such reform that he got contacts with Europeans e.g. Boers and British
  • The Boers were interested in taking the fertile Swaziland that they received from Mswati
  • Mswati gave the Boers land and even appointed a white chief for them
  • However much he did that the Boers refused to be assimilated by Mswati and failed to recognize his presence
  • Mbandzeni signed the mining right trading right and the internal affair of Swaziland to the Boers
  • Mswati convinced his people to allow the Boers to graze their animals in the country
  • In 1864 the Swazi and the Boers allied or combined and defeated Poko who were disturbing them
  • The population of the Boers increased due to birth rate that worried Mswati and his people
  • Because of increased population, the Boers attacked the Swazi in order to get more land
  • Shepstone led the committee to solve the Swazi Boer problem but the Boer became more stubborn 
  • The boer demanded the taking of Swaziland to Transvaal that the British refused
  • By 1868 mswat had died and had managed to maintain a peaceful environment with the Boers
  • The boers remained very much interested in annexing Swaziland because it could provide  a sea route to Indian ocean
  • Finally the Boers annexed Swazi because they supported Mbandezeni in successions wars that he won
  • When Mbandzeni died in 1889 the queen regents requested for London protection 
  • In 1892, the British started taking influence in Swazi affairs and finally in 1902 they declared protectorate.

Why Did The British Annex Swaziland (1895-1906)

  • Swaziland was first annexed by Transvaal in 1894
  • In 1899-1902 a war was fought between the boers and the british which mad the british to take over  Swaziland because:-
  • The increased number of boers in Swaziland was threatening the british interests
  • The annexing of Swaziland and increasingly becoming stubborn [boers] made the british to take over swaziland
  • The british feared the boers expansions policy in Swaziland
  • It was just a fortune to the british because of the committee set up to handle white and other provisional government
  • The boer farmers had began encroaching the high yield pasture after the death of Mswati
  • The british were just asked by the Swazi because so they laer feared boer attack 
  • The arresting of Mbanzeni by the boers attracted british occupation of Swaziland
  • The long negotiation involved into between Swaziland and the british made them to annex her
  • The outbreak of the Anglo boer was in 1899-1902 formulated the final rule of the boers in Swaziland hence being taken up by the british
  • The death of Mbandseni who had given boers influence in Swaziland made their rule to decline
  • The role of queen regents who requested London protection.

Chief Khama Iii Of Botswana 

  • Little is known about the history of Bostwana
  • It is known to have been a place of swand people
  • Others say the three sons of Masilo ie Kwena, Ngwato and Ngwaketse named places in Botswana according to their names
  • Masilo was a greatly king of Sotho  in the mid 17th century 
  • The 3 brothers were giving names according to the main tribes that settled in Bechuanaland [Botswana ]
  • The first tribe was Bangwaketse and settled in Kanye of modern Botswana
  • Bamangwato settled around Shosongo also in modern Botswana
  • Bakwena they settled around the neighborhood of Molepolole

Career and achievement of khama iii.

How did chief khama respond to the european in bechuanaland?

  • Khama III was a leader of Bamagwato in Botswana 
  • He dominated the politics of Botswana in the 2nd half of 19th century after coming to power in 1875
  • He grew up in a normal environment and being brought up in a true Africa setting and norms 
  • He was a son of the chief and respected his father so much
  • Later he was taken to attend Lutherana mission school in Bamagwato
  • This provided insight to him and recognizes the growing white interests in the areas
  • In his early 20s he was baptized in the Christian faith
  • Here, he learnt western values like religion, culture which created confusion to both missionaries and non converts
  • Because of his convert, he conflicted with his family for having been westernized so much in a black skin
  • He disobeyed his father’s command of having the second wife
  • He refused to take alcohol that made him popular among the whites Because of his popularity his father and the family felt jealous and made attempts to kill him
  • Khama reacted with charity and never lost his respect over such issues
  • The family and his father later loved him and changed their negative attitudes
  • In 1875 he succeeded his father and became the chief of Bamagwato
  • As a chief he made reforms in the society immediately
  • Alcoholic drinks were abolished, bride price was forbidden
  • The killing of one of the twin children was stopped
  • Witchcraft was banned
  • He invited London missionary society to establish a school at the royal kraal
  • As a clever and fore sighted man he incorporated western cultures and values into his society
  • He set up a telegraph office
  • He recognized the threat of Boer greed for Swaziland
  • He requested for British protection of Botswana in 1876
  • NB The British at first refused to respond to his request
  • Later with they chiefs of Botswana like Sebele I of Bakwena and Bathoen of Bangwaketse lobbied the British parliament and gave Botswana protection
  • He prevented Cecil Rhodes to take over Botswana under the guys co rule
  • After lobbying the British parliament Cecil Rhodes was allowed to take a strip of land where he constructed the railway line 
  • At the end of the 19th century Khama had succeeded in preventing the Boers from taking Botswana land 
  • Khama finally his characters were compared to those of Mosheshe
  • Generally he was a leading collaborator
  • They fought against racial segregation in 1934 they advocated for emancipation of slaves  
What were the causes of British annexation of Bechuanaland in 1865?
  • At first Britain was not interested in the occupation of Bechuanaland
  • However, in 1855 she changed her attitude to annex it
  • The age of scramble and partition of Africa was of the apex
  • Bechuanaland is a former name of Botswana today
  • The strategic location of Botswana encouraged Britain
  • The German imperialism in the near by Namibia made the Britain more nervous German interest
  • The British feared of a possibility of German/ Boer cooperation to engulf Botswana 
  • British fear of Boer expansion and imperialism in South Africa made them to act very fast in 1855
  • Need for an inland route between Transvaal and Kalahari by the British
  • British occupation of Transvaal 
  • British program of a northward passage from cape –Botswana to northern British colonies
  • The rise of an outstanding British imperialist’s and millionaire Cecil Rhodes
  • Pressurized for the annexation of the “Second rand” 
  • He pressurized the British to annex Bechuanaland
  • He hoped to get minerals on Botswana 
  • The role of chief Khama III of the small Bamangwato clan
  • Requested the British to take over Bechuanaland in 1875
  • He even went a head to lobby the British parliament and queen of England over the same
  • His Christian attitude and values encouraged the British
  • Even then the British south African company has realized that Botswana had some minerals like Uranium
  • The British also wished to consolidate her position in south Africa 
  • The British wanted to protect her settlers and traders in Botswana 
  • In 1885 British declared a protectorate over Bechuanaland
  • Later it extended to where modern Botswana is
  • Then by 1895 it had been incorporated in the cape colony 
Why were the British not interested in Botswana up to 1885?
  • Portuguese occupied Botswana at first
  • German was also interested in Botswana
  • German traders and missionaries were in Botswana British had little funds 
  • Botswana was not rich country
  • German threatened Britain in Botswana 
  • The Boers were interested in Botswana
  • Britain was more occupied with south Africa and Rhodesia
  • Transvaal attracted British interests the more
  • Boer settlement in Stelland and Goshen threatened British to occupy Botswana
  • Botswana chiefs resisted British
  • British lacked missionaries in Botswana
  • Communication was difficult