What were the terms of Pretoria Convention of 1881?

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Qn. what were the terms of Pretoria Convention of 1881?

This was a treaty signed between the British and the Boers
It aimed at ending the Anglo Boer war I
It was signed in August 1881 in Pretoria the capital of Transvaal
Paul krugger and Joubert signed on behalf of the British
Lord Carnarvan and Gladstone signed on behalf of the British
They aimed at uplifting the British federation plans
Transvaal was to discuss about her political independence
British were to be the over rulers in Transvaal and Transvaal was granted internal independence
The foreign affairs of Transvaal were to remain under British hands
The Boers at Transvaal were to accept the British flag
They were also to recognize the queen of England
British goods were to have free entry in Transvaal
Uitlanders were to receive the civil rights in Transvaal
Boundaries of Transvaal were defined
Slavery was to stop in Transvaal
Equal rights were extended to all people
Britain was to have limited responsibility for African affairs through a representative in Pretoria

Effects of the Pretoria convention on the people Of South Africa

The Boers lost their independence to the British
Boers remained dissatisfied with their new colonial status because they were under the British
It made the Boers more determined to resist the British federation plans
It increased Boers nationalism in Transvaal
It increased unity amonst the Boers in Transvaal
It gave rise and to scene Paul Kruger and Joubert in Transvaal
Paul kruger became a president of Transvaal Boers
It inspired the Boers in Orange free state to unite with their brothers in Transvaal
It gave birth to other Anglo Boer wars e.g. Jameson raid, Anglo Boer war II
The Boers at the cape felt sympathetic to their brothers in Transvaal
It increased more conflicts between the Africans and the Boers in order to acquire more resources outside Transvaal
It made the Boers to ally with the Germans and Portuguese against the British
It increased Boers interference in Zulu politics hence losing their independence
It gave rise of Cecil Rhodes as the British prime minister of the cape
It led to the signing of 1884 London Treaty between the British and the Boers

Effects of the Anglo Boer war 1880-1881.

The British were defeated militarily at Majuba hills
Boers at the Orange Free state vowed to unite Transvaal to defend it
Over 300 British troops lost their live
Property was destructed eg cattle
Trade was disrupted
Famine grew up
The hostility between the Boers and the British increased
British imperialism increased due to the ned for revenging to the war
Boer’s nationalism increased in order to protect the republic
It led to the signing of 1881, Pretoria convention
It led to Anglo Boer wars e.g. Jameson raid
British were to control Transvaal foreign affairs
Redefined the boundaries of south Africa with Transvaal
Transvaal was given self-independence
Slavery was abolished in Transvaal
British goods were allowed in to Transvaal republic
Equal rights were granted to all people in Transvaal

The Jameson Raid Of 1895

Qn. What were the causes of Jameson raid in 1895?

This was invasion led by Dr. Starr Jameson against Paul Kruger
It was a conflict between the British and the Boers
Jameson was a close friend of Cecil Rhodes a British merchants and the prime minister of the cape – ameson had been chosen by Cecil to control the De-beer company at Rand mines [Transvaal]
Jameson also sought for colonel Frank Rhodes to be the commander [this was Cecil Rhodes elder brother]
They fought because Uitlanders had requested their help to acquire their civil rights
People in south Africa were war hungry therefore believed in war as solution to their problems
The scramble for mineral wealth in south Africa between the Boers and the British
The British policy of following the Boers whenever they went since 1835 caused the raid
The humiliation of the British during the Anglo Boer war I made them to revenge
The need to colonize and unite the whole of south Africa by the British caused the raid
The heavy taxes imposed from Uitlands by Paul Kruger caused the raid
The tension created by Cecil Rhodes policy of smuggling fire arms into Transvaal
The need for equality in Gold mines between the Europeans and the Boers in Transvaal which the Boers refused
Kruger’s policy of denying Uitlanders the right to vote perhaps they were to vote after staying in
Transvaal for a very long period
The extension of the voting period from 2to 5 then to 7 years by Paul Kruger annoyed the Uitlanders
The denial of Uitlanders to speak English on public occasions caused the raid
Krugger’s policy of giving bigger contacts to only Dutch companies annoyed the British
The Boers and the British hatred each other that is why they fought
Presence of war engineers like Joseph Chamberlain, Cecil Rhodes and Florence

Organization of the Raid 1895

Qn. Explain the course of 1895 Jameson raid

The Uitlanders in Transvaal appealed help from Cecil Rhodes against boer mistreatment
They made a plan that the Uitlanders were to revolt against the Boers mistreatment
During the revolt the British soldiers in south Africa with Jameson were to match from
Bechuanaland to Transvaal to withdraw the Boer government
The British plan was to unite Transvaal with the rest of south Africa after withdrawing the Boers government in Transvaal
The Uitlanders wanted self governce after withdrawing the Boers’ govt in Transvaal
Therefore the two parties failed to have a common idea
The Uitlanders now failed to get courage of revolting against the Transvaal government
In December 1895 Jameson began with 385 soldiers living Bechuanaland for Transvaal
The raid was poorly organized with contraty plans
The Boers also got to know about Jameson invasion by the morning of the 1^st day
The boers surrounded the raiders at doornkop near Krugger’s dorp
Jameson was forced to surrender with his soldiers
This marked the end of the raid with Jameson as the loser.

Why the Raid Was Unsuccessful on Jameson’s Side

Kruger got know about the raid at its early days
The Uitlanders and the British failed to coordinate
The British troops were few in number i.e. about 385 soldiers against the many Boers
The British under estimated the Boers strength
The Boers were determined to defend their independence
It improved techniques for fighting by the Boers i.e. ambushed the British before reaching their fighting place
The Uitlanders minded more about the business therefor disregarded the politics
Failure to convince Uitlanders to revolt 1^st as it had been planned
The Uitlanders were not united to support the British
The Boers were economically strong because of mining therefore they had trained a very strong army
Jameson raid was not supported by British government e.g. on 20^th December Rhodes cancelled the plan
British failure to smuggle guns and ammunitions to interested Uitlanders in Transvaal

Effects of the Raid 1895

Qn. What were the effects of Jameson raid?

The British were defeated
British humiliation was increased
It laid a background for the Anglo Boer II war because the British were revenging
Jameson was arrested tried and imprisoned for four months in UK
It prolonged and increased hatred between the boers and the British
The German ties with Boers increased because Kaizer William I sent a congratulatory message to Kruger for having defeated the British
It increased Paul Kruger’s popularity and prestige amongst the Boers
Cecil Rhodes was forced to resign as the Cape Prime minister because had humiliated the British
It gave courage to the Ndebele to fight against the British south African company in order to gain their land
Uitlanders mistreatment in Transvaal continued and increased
It made the Boers in orange free state to ally with their brothers at Transvaal
The British were internationally blamed and isolated for having attacked a small state
Governor Robinson Hercules resigned from his post at the cape

The Utilanders Relationship with Paul Krugger

Qn. How did the Boers treat the Uitlanders

The word Utilanders is a Boer terminology meaning foreigners
Uitlanders were Europeans especially British subjects who joined south Africa during the period of miners revolution
They were prospectus miners and money lenders
They settled mostly in the rand mining area of Transvaal
They were sympathizers of the British population at the cape
While they were in Transvaal they were not allowed to take up citizenship
Some Uitlanders wanted heavy investment in minerals to accumulate wealth
They posed security threats to the Transvaal Boers who were under Paul Kruger
Paul Kruger denied them civil and political rights
They were responsible for the Anglo-Boer conflicts in south Africa • They were disorganized group of people because they came from different countries of Europe and didn’t have a leader where they settled
They were restricted from freedom of association by Paul Kruger
Kruger heavily taxed them
Uitlanders were denied to speak English in public by Kruger and their children were to attend Dutch school with little privileges increased number of Uitlanders in Transvaal worried Kruger
He disgruntled Uitlanders appeal to the British he hated Uitlanders

Importance of Paul Kruger and Cecil Rhodes in The history of southern Africa

Paul Kruger. [1825-1904]

Kruger was born in 1825 at the cape
He was brown slightly before the great trek
His childhood way adventurous
He liked hunting and fighting
He participated in the great trek when was still young
He frequently sorrowed for Piet Retief’s death at the battle of blood river
He was looking energetic man, which popularizes him among the Boers
He was strongly opposed by the British because of their imperialism policy
the believe in Boer superiority and purity
He was an active member in trek wars and by 1880 was a general commander
He was elected as a president of Transvaal four times 1883, 1888, 1893 and 1898
He concentrated on keeping Transvaal’s independence
He had Avery forceful personality
In 1877, he conflicted with the British for having annexed Transvaal
In 1880-1881 he fought the Anglo Boer war I
He humiliated the British overtime
He mistreated the uitlanders i.e. denied them their civil rights
In 1895 he fought the Jameson raid which gave him more popularity
He was a very persuasive speechmaker
He hated Cecil Rhodes and felt happy when he later resigned after Jameson raid
He fought the Anglo Boer war II in 1899 where he was defeated and exiled in Europe
In August 1904 while in exile he died.

Cecil Rhodes

Rhodes was born in England as a clergyman
He was expected to follow his father into the church but his health was too fragile
He decided to join his brother on a farm in south Africa where he recovered
In 1881 entered the cape assembly
In 1890 he was supported by Hofmeyr and became a cape prime minister
Rhodes and Hofmeyr had much in common but the later was a Boer
With the help of his brother he bought some mines after mineral discovery
He formed the De-Beers company and consolidated the Kimberly mines
He became a monopolist of diamonds after buying his rival Barney Batnato
De-beer became the basis for Rhodes’s political dreams and ambitions
He supported their federation of south Africa
Two countries were named after this man i.e. southern Rhodesia [Zimbabwe] and northern Rhodesia [Zambia]
He wanted so much the British to be the head of federation
He dreamy of about painting the whole Africa red [filling it with British colour flag]
He dreamt of constructing the cape –Cairo railway
He hated Portuguese and Germans expansion into central and southern Africa
Around 1890 his people clashed with the Ndebele because they occupied the Shona land
He won the Ndebele and their king fled northwards and turned to the Boers in Transvaal
Cecil was a good friend of Hofmeyr- aboer leader at the cape
The 1895 raid destroyed their friendship
He fought for Uitlanders civil rights in Transvaal
He wanted imperial connection for trade and defense between the Boers and the Briton
In 1902 Rhodes died.

The bapedi war 1861-1879

Reasons for the occurrence of pedi war

Qn. why did the Africans fight with the whites in 1861-79

Pedi was a state boarding with Transvaal republic
Sekwati established it at the end of Mfecane period
He died in 1861 and his son sekukuni took over the leadership
Sekukuni first fought with his brother Mampuru whom he won in a power struggle
Sekukuni at his early leadership faced refugees escaping from boer invasion
Swqazi whom he gave at the margins of the territory dominated the refugees
Sekukumi set up a capital on the top of the lulu range
He never wanted a white person that is why he fought with the boers and later with the british
The boer expansion of their territory into the interior of south Africa made them to conflict with the bapedi
The bapedi wanted to maintain and protect their independence against whites
Sekukumi fought because he hated Christian missionaries therefore wanted them to go away
They need to preserve the pedi which was provided b y hills and ranges to them
The long held suspicion between the whites and the Africans since the period of great trek
The british annexation of Transvaal in 1877 made them to conflict with the pedi
The hope of support from his brother Johannes Dinkoanyane who had established at the bottom of sekukumi’s capital
Sekukumi’s expelliong of a missionary –merensky from his mission at maandahshoek made the whites to fight
The false report that the bapedi had burnt a german mission persuaded president burgers of Transvaal to attack the pedi in 1876 Presidentburger’s need to take pedi land caused the conflict
Disre[ect of pedi leaders by the whites caused the war Increased British impearislim tendency caused the war
The killing of sekukumi’s son by the British intensified the conflict
Pedi’s violation of 1876 peace treaty which was signed between them and the boers annoyed the later hence the war
The enslavement of the Africans caused the conflict
Increased number of refugees in pedi land who were running away from Boers made the Boers to look for them hence the conflict
Presence of war mongers like president burgers and major Clarke
The strategic location of pedi land i.e. it was near the white territory therefore they had to fight
The early success of pedi against the Boers made them to continue with the British.

Course of the Pedi Resistance 1861-1879

How was the Pedi war organized?

The conflict started when chief sekukumi set away merenisky missionary from Maandagshoek mission in 1864
Later rumours passed that the pedi ahd burn German mission
This forced president burgers of Transvaal to attack Johannesburg in 1876
Burgers had combined with the Swazi who were defeated by the pedi
Later Transvaal attacked pedi with 2000 people but they found the counterpart more prepared at Mosego
The Boer commandoes resort to demolishing , harassing the pedi and their property
Ssekumi now feared famine and requested for peace
After the peace treaty, sekumi always claimed that did not sign the peace and wanted self-independence
When the British annexed Transvaal in 1877 sekukumi was allowed to ignored the terms of the peace treaty
The British after defeating the Zulu they turned to the Pedi
A combined force of Boers ,Swazi and British in 1879 attacked Sekukumi
The Bapedi were defeated and suffered heavy casualities
Moroamostshe [Sekukumi’s son] was killed fighting bravely with UMSUTU
Sekukumi surrendered and imprisoned though released in 1881 after Anglo Boer war I
That marked the end of the Bapedi war.

Reasons for the defeat of the bapedi in the war by The whites

At the beginning , the Africans were successful but later defeated
The war was fought for a very longtime , which made the Africans exhausted
Africans had poor fighting weapons
The Pedi were few in number therefore they couldn’t with stand the growing number of whites
Africans like Swazi supported the whites hence defeating the Pedi
Pedi were hit with famine therefore they couldn’t fight bravely
Divisionalism among the royal family of Bapedi
The whites were determined to take over the pedi land
The pedi state was very small therefore the enemy could easily surround it
The whites has got experience in fighting against African resistances eg Kaffir war that is why they defeated the pedi
The white policy of killing Africans like Moroomotshe,Umsuti intimidates other Africans an stopped fighting
The war was fought at their land therefore all impacts were immediately felt by the pedi that is why later were defeated
The pedi lacked military commander like Major Clark of the British

Effects of the Pedi War 1861-1879

Pedi were defeated by the Europeans
They lost their independence to the British
People were imprisoned eg Sekukumi
Many people were killed like Mwampuru,Moroamotshe ,Umsutu
People’s property were destroyed like farms
Famine break up to the Pedi people
Trade was disrupted and hence declined in Pedi area
Hatred between the Pedi and the Boers increased
Africans became divided ie collaborators like Swazi and resistors
The Pedi lost their land to the whites
It increased the British imperialism in south Africa
Hostility between the Boers and the British also increased
It gave birth to the Anglo Boer wars
Africans were displaced and became migrants
African families were disintegrated and many became wifeless and husbandless
It was so costly to Boer side leading to bankruptcy of the Transvaal republic
It made a step to the closer union and federation of south Africa
It led to the signing of peace treaty for example between the Pedi and the Boer in 1869

The Anglo Boer War Ii 1899-1902

Qn. Explain the causes of 1899-1902 war in South Africa?

This was a crash between the British and the Boers in South Africa
It was called gentleman’s war or the south African war
It was fought to determine the master of south Africa
The Africans participation in the war passive because they just carried arms, clothing’s, etc. for whites
It was purely between whites in south Africa because they wanted to solve the long misunderstanding between them
The violation of Pretoria peace treaty terms by the Boers
Continued mistreatment of Uitlanders by Paul Kruger after the Jameson raid
The British wanted to revenge the defeat made to her in 1880-1881 war by the Boers
The British wanted to punish and chase away the British as the Zulu had gone in 1879 war
The failure of the British in 1895 Jameson raid which the British wanted to undo
The courage given to the Boers by German king Kaiser William I of fighting against the British
The British wanted monopoly in south African mines which caused the war
Chamber land’s error of judgment of uniting the whole of south Africa by force
The weakness of Cecil Rhodes who made Jameson’s raid a failure increased tension between whites
The appointment of Alfred Milner as the new high commissioner who was determines to liberate Uitlanders by force
The high taxes imposed from British goods entering Transvaal , which the British resented
The cutting of trade by Paul Kruger between the cape and Transvaal boiled the war
The Boers needed to defend their independence against the British
Presence of warmongers like Paul Kruger and Chamber land intensified the situation
The banning of English and closing of British schools in Transvaal republic led to the war
Kruger over taxed and extended the voting period of Uitlnder which the British didn’t want
The alliance of orange free state with Transvaal, which they thought that was strong enough to defend the opponent • The long held suspicion between the Boers and the British
The British undermining of Kruger’s ultimatum of withdrawing her troops from Transvaal boarders within 48 hours
The murdering of uitilander with the Transvaal republic created a way to the war

Organization Of The War 1899-1902

The war started when a Boer farmer murdered a Uitlander in Transvaal boarders
Paul Kruger was told to punish the Boer famers but he refused
The British decided to mobilize the police to punish the Boer famer on Transvaal boarders
Kruger told the British to leave the Transvaal boarders within 48 hours
The British failed to honor Kruger’s Ultimatum
Kruger now commanded a force of over 80,000 men from
Transvaal and Orange Free State republic to attack the British
The British also mobilize over 500,000 troops to face the Boers
This was turning to be along war, which was not expected
The Boers registered success at first but they were unable to follow up their success
During fighting cruelty was much on both sides
The British decided to use scorched earth policy , use of concentration camps in order to weakened the Boers
The war now went on badly for the Boers but their leaders were not prepared to give up their independence
In March 1990 General Roberts of British had entered Bloemfontein of Transvaal
In June he entered Pretoria the capital of Transvaal
Boer commandoes like General de wet , smuts, botha, Herzog continued fighting for 18 months in British areas of natal and the cape
The war ended when the Boer commandoes met Lord Kitcher of British
In the meeting, the commandoes agreed t areas of natal and the cape
The war ended when the Boer commandoes met Lord Kitcher of British
In the meeting, the commandoes agreed to met Lord Kitcher’s ideas which made then to sign the vereening treaty

Effects of the Anglo Boer war ii 1899-1902.

Many people died e.g. over 30,000 Boer soldiers were killed
Property were destroyed e.g. farms, crops, livestock
Many people were left homeless especially women and children
Many people were put into concentration camps
Diseases were highly spread due to overcrowding in concentration camps
People in camps lacked basic supplies of food and clothing
Kruger was disappointed and frustrated
Kruger was captured and exiled in Europe where he died in 1904
It led to signing of Vereeniging treaty
Transvaal and O.F.S developed because they were given rehabilitation funds by Britain
It led to increase in African nationalism because they identified themselves group and decided to fight
Trade declined because of the scorched earth policy of fighting Africans were punished for deserting work during the war
It paved way to south African apartheid policy
English and Boer language gained equal status
The British goods stopped being discriminated by the Boers in Transvaal
New people came up like Bortha , Christian , smuts etc.
At the end of the war , Boers were defeated

The Vereeniging Treaty 1902 (Terms of the vereening treaty)

What were the proposals of 1902 agreement in South Africa?

This was a treaty / agreement, which was signed to end 2^nd Anglo Boer war
It was signed between the British and the Boers
Transvaal and Orange Free State were to become British colonies
A responsible government was to be set up in the two colonies
The damaged properties were to be compensated
Dutch and English were to be used as official languages
Africans were neither to vote nor to be voted for
Prisoners of war were to be released and put in concentration camps
The Boers were to have a strong internal self-government
Africans with guns were to be disarmed
The British lost control over the mineral bearing land
Concentration camps were to be put in order to put Africans together
Vast sums of money were to be given to countries to restore the damaged property
British were to with draw all their troops from the Boer republics immediately
Boers were favored with is treaty and benefited more from it
The British stopped supporting the rights of Africans

EFFECTS OF THE VEREENING TREATY IN SOUTH AFRICA

Africans were denied the rights to vote and to be voted
Transvaal and Orange free state were made to be British colonies
Africans were disarmed which created security
It made the Africans to lose their independence
English and Dutch became the official language
Concentration camps were put in place, which eroded Africans freedom
It laid the foundation for the apartheid policy of south Africa
It hatched the union of south Africa
White man’s citizenship was confirmed in south Africa
Boer republics of Transvaal and orange free state were given self-government in 1907and 1808 respectively
It brought new nationalist on world scene like Bortha, Smuts etc
Africans were now forced to pay taxes to white race
It reconciled the two white races that had been enemies
The words Uitlanders was abolished and were to enjoy their civil rights
It made the white people to acquire land, which was for Africans in camps
The British abandoned their humanitarian policy towards the Africans
After providing way for south African federation, apartheid was legalized